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A tug is assisting a loaded barge into a berth. The tug’s master misjudges the approach, the barge strikes the dock, and there is damage to the barge, the dock, and the cargo. Who pays depends almost entirely on two things. Which contract form governs, and which side of the Atlantic you are on. International towage has settled on a risk allocation that the United States Supreme Court declared void as a matter of public policy in 1955 and has never retreated from. That decisio

On 10 November 2025, the United States and China each suspended the port fee regimes they had imposed on one another's shipping. The suspension runs twelve months. It expires on 10 November 2026, which is roughly five weeks from now, and there is no guarantee it will be renewed. Most charter parties fixed since then have been written as though the fees do not exist, because at the moment of fixing they did not. If the measures resume, those contracts will be silent on a charg

The bill of lading is the most important document in international trade and one of the few that does three unrelated jobs at once. It is a receipt for goods, evidence of the contract of carriage, and a document of title that can be bought, sold, and pledged while the cargo is still at sea. Most of the disputes that arise around it come from confusing those functions or from treating the third one as a formality. A shipper who focuses on the description of goods, a carrier wh

In October 2006, the capesize bulk carrier Ocean Victory was discharging iron ore at Kashima in Japan when weather deteriorated. A long swell combined with a northwesterly gale reaching Force 9 on the Beaufort scale. The master decided to leave the berth, lost control of the vessel in the Kashima fairway, and she was driven onto the breakwater and became a total loss. The vessel's hull insurers paid, took an assignment of the owners' and demise charterer's rights, and brought

A voyage charter gives the charterer a fixed period to load and discharge. Use less and the owner may owe despatch. Use more and the charterer owes demurrage. Between those two outcomes sits a calculation that is arithmetically simple and legally treacherous, and most disputes turn on which hours counted rather than on how the addition was done. The Laytime Definitions for Charter Parties 2013 define laytime as the period of time agreed between the parties during which the ow

On Sunday August 23, the Persian Gulf Strait Authority published its first Non-Compliant Vessels list. Announced through the body's X account and hosted on its website, the list names vessels Iran says have violated its arrangements for transiting the Strait of Hormuz and warns that they face restrictions on future passages including fines, detention, seizure, or confiscation. Shipping companies, the statement said, must review the list before chartering in order to avoid pot

A container ship catches fire in the Arabian Sea. Your cargo is in a hold that never burned, on a vessel you do not own, in a casualty you had nothing to do with. Weeks later you receive a demand for 54 percent of the value of your goods before anyone will release them. That is not a mistake and it is not extortion. It is general average, one of the oldest surviving principles in commercial law, and the demand is enforceable. For cargo interests it is the single most surprisi

[Image from Wikimedia Commons, from User Unukorno, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0] On January 9, 2025, a 152,000 dwt crude tanker suffered a total blackout in the Baltic Sea. She drifted unmanned in heavy seas, lost all maneuverability, and came into German territorial waters off the island of Rügen. German authorities towed her to an anchorage off Sassnitz to prevent a spill. She is still there. The Eventin has now been at anchor off a German resort island for more than ni

Two years after Houthi attacks pushed the container trades around the Cape of Good Hope, the largest carriers are transiting the Red Sea again. MSC sent seven boxships through the Suez Canal this month. Maersk returned its MECL service to the trans-Suez route in August, having made its first tentative transit in December. CMA CGM has been running services through the corridor since late last year. What is striking is not that the return is happening. It is how it is happening

[Photo by Bayu Tiyo on Unsplash] Ask a bunker buyer who they bought their last stem from and you will usually get a company name. Ask what that company's role was in the transaction and the answer is less certain than it should be. The confusion is widespread and it is not the buyer's fault. The three roles in marine fuel supply are genuinely distinct in law and in risk, but the market presents them inconsistently, some companies perform more than one, and the commercial conv

The $500 per package liability limit under the US Carriage of Goods by Sea Act is one of the most litigated provisions in American maritime law. It is also one of the most consequential for anyone with cargo moving to or from the United States, because when a carrier invokes it successfully, the gap between what cargo is actually worth and what the carrier owes can be enormous. A container of electronics worth $2 million becomes a $500 claim if the carrier can establish that

China's New Maritime Code Is Now in Effect On May 1, 2026, four days ago, China's revised Maritime Code came into force. This marks the first comprehensive revision of the Code since its original enactment in 1993, and the changes are not minor adjustments around the edges. They affect cargo liability, limitation of liability amounts, the scope of who qualifies as a carrier, how damages are calculated, how limitation periods work, and, most significantly for international ope

Every major demurrage dispute begins somewhere. In the vast majority of voyage charter party claims, the starting point is not the cargo, not the port, and not the rate. It is a single document that determines when the laytime clock begins to run. That document is the Notice of Readiness (NOR), and its deceptively simple function, notifying the charterer that the vessel has arrived and is ready to perform, generates more litigation in the English courts and before London arbi